Study Material for the Students

1.       The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol used for relaying datagrams (also known as network packets ) across an internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite . Responsible for routing packets across network boundaries, it is the primary protocol that establishes the Internet . 2.       Wi-Fi is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly (using radio waves ) over a computer network , including high-speed Internet connections. Wi-Fi as any " wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards". A device that can use Wi-Fi (such as a personal computer, video game console, smartphone , tablet , or digital audio player) can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point . Such an access point (or hotspot ) has a range of about 20 meters (65 feet) indoors and a

Network Protocols 1.       IMAP: The Internet Message Access Protocol (commonly known as IMAP) is an Application Layer Internet protocol that allows an e-mail client to access e-mail on a remote mail server . IMAP supports both on-line and off-line modes of operation. E-mail clients using IMAP generally leave messages on the server until the user explicitly deletes them. IMAP offers access to the mail storage. Clients may store local copies of the messages, but these are considered to be a temporary cache. 2.       Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ): is an Internet standard for electronic mail (e-mail) transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks. SMTP is a connection-oriented , text-based protocol in which a mail sender communicates with a mail receiver by issuing command strings and supplying necessary data over a reliable ordered data stream channel, typically a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection. An SMTP session consists of commands origin

Network Topologies The structure of a network including physical arrangement of devices is known as network topology. Consider the following types of topologies:\ 1.       Bus topology 2.       Star topology 3.       Tree topology 4.       Point-to-Point 5.       Mesh 6.       Ring 7.       Hybrid Bus Topology: The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has exactly two endpoints all data that is transmitted between nodes in the network is transmitted over this common transmission medium and is able to be received by all nodes in the network simultaneously. Consider the following figure-   Advantages of bus topology: Short Cable Length. Easy to expand. Simple Architecture. Disadvantages: Fault diagnosis is difficult. Star Topology: In a star topology, each network host is connected to a central hub with a point-to-point connection. All of the nodes on the ne